American Press: Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual #16 (2001)

ARCAA Contents & Abstracts Volume 16, 2001

ISBN 978-0-89641-369-6

A Selected Bibliography in Sex Role Orientation in Sport and Exercise: Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) and Related Readings — Kristi Hilburn, Arnold LeUnes — A literature survey conducted on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ) yielded 63 articles (50 for the BSRI, 13 for the PAQ). Thirty-four of those articles were published in the 1980's. There were 109 authors cited, with no author dominating the results. Dual authorships had the highest number of citations. Popular sports studied included basketball, general physical activity, softball and swimming. Fifteen different journals were cited in the search. (1-14)

The Importance of Title IX Compliance on the Job Satisfaction and Occupational Turnover Intent of Intercollegiate Coaches — Michael Sagas, Paul J. Batista — Hart, Hasbrook, and Mathes (1986) proposed what is considered to be the foregoing explanation for the decline of females in the coaching ranks. This framework states that fewer women than men enter the coaching ranks, and more women than men depart the coaching ranks. The present study explored the second aspect of the framework, coach turnover, in a sample of male (n =124) and female (n = 149) head coaches. Specifically, the study explored whether or not each coach’s perception of his/her institution’s compliance with Title IX standards affected his/her job satisfaction, and whether or not that perception would consequently affect his/her occupational turnover intent. Results indicated gender and NCAA level differences in many variables, as well as some significant interaction effects. Separate gender multiple regressions indicated that the factors shaping both job satisfaction and occupational turnover intent also differed by gender. (15-43)

Examining Federal and State Pay Equity Laws in Texas — George B. Cunningham, Michael Sagas, Frank Ashley — The purpose of this paper is twofold: 1) to provide interscholastic administrators and coaches a working knowledge base and understanding of the federal pay equity laws in place; and 2) to demonstrate how state laws can oftentimes contradict the federal mandates. Specifically, this study compares Texas Constitutional and organizational laws and regulations of several federal laws, including the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The intricacies of both federal and state policies emphasize the importance for both administrators and coaches to further educate themselves in order to prevent substantial risk management issues or the loss of potential revenue by coaches. (44-62)

Practical Screening Tests for Talent Identification in Baseball — J. Robert Grove — Two studies examined the reliability and validity of selected physical performance tests for talent identification in baseball. In Study 1, high school players were tested on multiple occasions over a 12-month period, and the consistency of five measures was evaluated. Findings revealed very good reliability from trial-to-trial within the same testing session and an average test-retest reliability of .86 between sessions conducted 6-months apart. In Study 2, junior college players, Division 1 players, and professional draftees were compared on the same five measures. Findings indicated that tests of upper body power, lower body power, and throwing velocity discriminated among these three groups of players. Tests of running speed did not discriminate among the groups. Limitations of the current study are noted, and suggestions are offered for future research. (63-77)

Training the Youth Athlete — Gary Oden, Diana Avans — As youth sports participation increases, there is a greater need for information about the physical and psychological consequences of intense training. Youth sport coaches need to acquire knowledge to provide the youth sport participant with the best physiological and psychological training possible. Coaches who do not follow the appropriate guidelines for physiological training may risk permanent physical damage to the athlete. Guidelines for progressive resistance exercise have been established, and the prudent coach will follow them closely. In addition, the wise coach will consider the psychological development of the youth athlete. Coaching behaviors can have a positive or negative impact on psychological development. Youth sport coaches should display coaching behaviors that have been found to be associated with positive psychological development. Guidelines have been established which will assist coaches with the psychological development of the youth athlete. (78-88)

Desirable Qualities, Attributes and Characteristics of High School Athletic Directors—as Expressed by Principals — William F. Stier, Jr., Robert C. Schneider — The following research was conducted in an effort to determine the desirable personal qualities, attributes and characteristics of athletic directors serving at the secondary level. A survey instrument was constructed in consultation with experts in the field and then field tested with a random sample of 400 principals. Results show the rank order of the top 21 qualities chosen by principals as being essential for a successful high school athletic director. (89-109)

Coaches’ Challenges Working with Substitute Players of Collegiate Team Sports — Jin Wang, Doug Callahan, Bernie Goldfine — Historically substitute players tend to be overlooked and oft-times treated differently than starting players. This leads to many having negative experiences. This article explores the idea of giving substitute players a larger role on the team, thereby, alleviating the potential natural division between these two groups of players. The presented perspective suggests that by giving substitutes a larger role on the team one can increase their self-confidence and their contributions to the team, ultimately making the team and all players better. (110-124)

A Pilot Study: Faculty Perceptions of the Academic Performance of Student-Athletes — Jennifer Beck, Greg Bennett, Mark Maneval, Heather Hayes — The purpose of this study was to assess faculty perceptions of the academic performance of student-athletes. Twenty-two full time faculty (14 male, 8 female) from a School of Human Performance and Recreation participated in this study. The university was a medium size (14K) southeastern public institution. A survey instrument was constructed for the study and validated by the Delphi technique. Results indicated that four (28.47%) male faculty members expressed pressure to pass student-athletes in their classes. Of the four males, two were of professor status. The instrument revealed that the female faculty within this population expressed no pressure to pass student-athletes (100%). All respondents reported student-athletes earned B’s or C’s in their classes. No one reported that student-athletes were earning A’s, and no one reported that student-athletes were earning D’s and F’s. The majority of participants agreed that student-athletes perform equally as well as non-athletes. Over 85% of the faculty had positive experiences with student-athletes, and only one faculty member reported a negative experience. The results indicated that the faculty members in the surveyed population do not appear to have stereotypical views on the academic performance of student-athletes. (125-143)

The Relationship between Level of Arousal and Behavior of Basketball Coaches during Matches — John Mowat, Tony Morris — Coaching is a demanding task irrespective of the standard of play. The demand for success is likely to create higher levels of arousal, thus affecting various coaching behaviors. Previous studies have indicated that individuals vary in levels of arousal in competitive situations, as measured by heart rate. The current research examined the relationship between Australian basketball coaches’ behavior and their arousal levels. The research utilized two paper and pencil tests; the Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2); one behavior analysis instrument; and the Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS). (144-177)

Effects of Strength Training on Shoulder Pain and Perceived Health of the Throwing Arm in Baseball Pitchers — Ronnie Hayes, Peter Hamer, Robert Grove, Bruce Elliott — This study investigated the effects of a six-week strength-endurance training program on pain levels in the shoulder after maximal throwing sessions. Six baseball pitchers who regularly experienced pain after throwing provided baseline pain ratings and then undertook eccentric and concentric strength training while continuing to throw twice a week during the pre-season. Shoulder pain was assessed with a scale prior to each throwing session as well as 24 and 48 hours after throwing. Rating for other qualities associated with the perceived health of the throwing arm (e.g., heavy/light, weak/strong, stiff/loose) were also obtained twice each week. Significant increases in strength verified the adequacy of the intervention. These strength-endurance gains were accompanied by significant linear decreases in pain ratings as well as significant improvements in perceived health of the throwing arm. (178-191)

COACHES’ CORNER

Baseball Play America — Don Weiskopf — No abstract. (192-212)

BOOK REVIEWS

Coaching: A Realistic Perspective, 6th edition by Ralph J. Sabock, reviewed by Warren K. Simpson (213-214)

Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (4th edition) by Jean M. Williams, editor, reviewed by Warren K. Simpson (215-217)

Baseball Play America by Don Weiskopf, reviewed by Warren K. Simpson (217-219)

Trials and Triumphs by Katie Morgan, reviewed by Michael Sagas (219-223)

E-mail americanpress@flash.net to order PDFs of any article.