ARCAA Contents & Abstracts, Volume 36, 2021

ISBN 978-0-89641-607-9
$50.00 (includes shipping)

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    Comparing Anxiety, Aggression, and Hospitality between NCAA Division I Athletes and Non-Athletes — Duke D. Biber, Daniel R. Czech — The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between aggression, hostility, and anxiety in collegiate athletes and non-athletes. The secondary purpose was to compare aggression, hostility, and anxiety between athletes and non-athletes from a Division I university. It was hypothesized that athletes would report greater levels of anxiety, aggression, and hostility than non-athletes. Athletes and non-athletes from a southeastern, rural NCAA Division I university were recruited for this study (n = 173). Participants completed the Sport Competition Anxiety Text, Bredemeier Athlete Aggression Inventory, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. There was a significant correlation between aggression and hostility, while reactive aggression was only significantly correlated with the resentment hostility subscale. There was a significant difference between athletes (M = 38.44, SD = 10.41) and non-athletes (M = 41.40, SD = 10.05) for reactive aggression and hostility. The current results further substantiate the link between hostility, aggression, and other antisocial behaviors in athlete and non-athlete samples. Keywords: Aggression, Anger, College, Athletes (1-22)

  • Athletic Directors’ Perceptions on Pay-to-Play — Michael Hodges, Xiaofen Keating, Scott Zymet, Gordon Schmidt — High school athletics routinely experience budgetary constraints challenging their aptitude to maintain a fully-functioning athletic program. Fundraising methods are typically used to circumvent removal of coaches or programs. However, there is little understanding on athletic directors’ (ADs) perceptions on the “Pay to Play” (P2P) policy, a common fundraising method that requires student-athletes to pay a fee to participate in an interscholastic sports program. Purpose: To examine ADs’ perceptions of the P2P policy and their experiences when implementing the policy within their respective schools. Methods: High school ADs (N=8) were recruited to participate and later organized into two distinct groups. Group one, those who are currently using the policy (n=4), and Group 2, those who had used the policy instituted but were no longer using it (n=4). Guided by Grounded Theory, 30-45-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted following a coordinated interview guide. Interviews were later transcribed and analyzed using the Constant Comparison Method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) Results: ADs instituted the P2P policy mostly from the risk of losing their sports programs and/or coaching positions. From the data, four themes emerged: (a) “Lose Money, Make Money”, (b) “Don’t Call it Play”, (c) “We Thought It Would Work…It Didn’t”, and, (d) “We’ll Make Do”. Conclusion: ADs’ perceptions on the P2P policy produced mixed results. Most shared the P2P policy was successful in offsetting budget cuts, yet, some experienced negative effects to their athletic program citing unique concerns and challenges. Further research on AD perceptions and methods for effectively implementing the P2P policy is needed. Especially, if this policy continues to be a widespread solution to budgetary constraints. Key Words: School District, Cuts, Budget, Interscholastic (23-47)

  • The Association between Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Vocal Quality in Student-Athletes — Brandy Morgan, Matthew D. Carter, Melissa Carter, Mary Gorham-Rowan, Serina J. McEntire — Student-athletes are at risk for vocal difficulties due to their utilization of poor vocal hygiene as well as their increased risk for reflux. However, there is limited research on the impact of reflux on the vocal characteristics of student-athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between laryngopharyngeal reflux and vocal quality in student-athletes. Participants consisted of 27 young females. Thirteen of the participants were collegiate student-athletes and 14 of the participants were female non-student-athlete collegiate students. No significant relationship between reflux and vocal measures were revealed, although many results indicated not only an increased risk for reflux within the student-athletes, but also a decreased awareness of their own reflux characteristics. These findings have implications for not only the student-athlete, but also for those who are involved in their care such as coaches, physicians, and athletic trainers. (48-74)

  • Content Analysis of a Collegiate Athletic Twitter Account: Practical Applications for Promotion and Attendance Increase — Steve Chen, Ryan Frye, Kenneth Henderson — Twitter’s global usage has increased as a source of information during the past decade. This study explored different types of Twitter messages sent by a collegiate athletic department. It analyzed the impact of these messages on attendance at home athletic events during the NCAA football season. The data examined five message categories: interactivity, content, promotional, information sharing, and noise. Noise accounts for any message not related to the studied sport season. Results suggested that while noise was prevalent, messages pertaining to the studied sports were impactful. The types of messages sent by a college athletic department could impact attendance at the institution’s home athletic events. Keywords: Social media marketing, Twitter, collegiate athletic promotion, game attendance (75-101)

  • Gaming the Game: An Examination of the Coach-Referee Relationship — Claire C. Zvosec, Jordan R. Bass — The purpose of this research study was to explore strategies coaches have for interacting with officials. Understanding the coach-official relationship from the coach perspective has several important implications. Practically, findings from this study could help provide coaches and athletics administrators a better understanding of what type of behavior is advantageous and how such behavior is considered appropriate in a sport-specific setting. Moreover, findings from this study could guide training for both coaches and officials. In this study, 17 high school varsity coaches were interviewed to gain a better understanding of coach-official interactions. Keywords: bracketed morality, political skill, impression management, emotional labor (102-132)

  • Youth Sport Specialization vs. Diversification: The Debate Continues — Michael Fraina, Susan Mullane — The current study was designed to measure the perspectives of current college students studying Sport Administration toward youth sport specialization. Participants included 86 collegians who completed an online survey regarding the factors that influenced their decision toward either specialization or diversification, their opinions toward various physical and psychological outcomes, and recommendations to today’s youth. A majority of respondents (68.6%) diversified in multiple sports, and reached that approach of their own volition. Participants deemed that specialization was helpful toward earning a scholarship (77.9%), but that specializers were susceptible to burnout (84.9%). Significantly, 97.6% of members in this study agreed that diversification leads an athlete to become more well-rounded. Lastly, these respondents recommended that athletes begin specialization between the ages of 12-14 (37.2%) or 15-17 (26.7%). Keywords: sport specialization, youth, psychology (133-153)

  • How Does an NCAA Division II HBCU Collegiate Basketball Coaching Staff Cultivate Team Culture? — Donovan Smalls II — This case study explored how three NCAA Division II HBCU collegiate basketball coaches cultivated team culture. Findings indicated that the participants utilized a culture packet to develop an environment that aligned with the head coach’s philosophy. This study examined how a culture packet was used to cultivate team culture during the preseason, season, and postseason. During the preseason, coaches focused on shaping the mentality of student-athletes and their understanding of team culture. During the season, practical methods toward shaping the culture of the team were intentionally developed. The postseason was used to reflect on the success or failure of the season based on a personal standard of excellence. Additionally, the postseason was used to set goals for the following basketball term. Findings in this case study enhanced an understanding of collegiate basketball coaches’ strategies toward intentionally developing a team culture in an attempt to achieve desired results. Keywords: hbcu, cultivating team culture, organizational culture in sports, coaching leadership, student-athlete development, college basketball (154-182)

  • Sources of Information Used by Collegiate Coaches of Female Athletes for Their Continuing Education According to Their Sport and Their Sociodemographic Characteristics — Jose M. Palao, Andrea Visiedo Merono,Jillian E. Frideres — The purpose of this study was to determine the sources of information used by coaches of female athletes to carry out their continuing education with regard to the sport they coach and their socio-demographic characteristics. The sample included 424 U.S. NCAA Division I coaches of female athletes. The variables studied were coach's gender, age, degree held, formal education (university degree), their role as a coach, years of coaching experience, type of continuing education participation, and sport coached. The results show higher use of sources that are prepared or available specifically for them. Coaches of different sports presented similar values of the use of continued education. Coaches obtain information in different ways in relation to age, gender, degree held, and whether or not they had a degree in sports science. The article discusses the possible causes behind the different ways of obtaining information used by collegiate coaches and their informational needs. Keywords: sport, performance, formation, knowledge, coaching (182-202)


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